# Space Capstone Publication Spacepower  ## Metadata - Author: [[USSF]] - Full Title: Space Capstone Publication Spacepower - Category: #america-commercializing-space-expansion #america-space-supremacy ## Highlights - Agility, innovation, and boldness have always been the touchstone traits of military space forces. ([Location 99](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=99)) - The eyes of the world now look into space, to the moon and to the planets beyond, and we have vowed that we shall not see it governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace.[i] John F. Kennedy, 1962 35th U.S. President ([Location 109](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=109)) - The U.S. desires a peaceful, secure, stable, and accessible space domain. Strength and security in space enables freedom of action in other warfighting domains while contributing to international security and stability. The U.S. must adapt its national security space organizations, doctrine, and capabilities to deter and defeat aggression and protect national interests in space. ([Location 138](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=138)) - spacepower as a distinct formulation of military power on par with landpower, seapower, airpower, and cyberpower. ([Location 179](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=179)) - space is simultaneously a source and conduit through which a nation can generate and apply diplomatic, informational, military and economic power. ([Location 187](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=187)) - military space forces conduct prompt and sustained space operations, accomplishing three Cornerstone Responsibilities — Preserve Freedom of Action in the space domain, Enable Joint Lethality and Effectiveness, and Provide Independent Options to U.S. national leadership capable of achieving national objectives. ([Location 195](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=195)) - Cornerstone Responsibilities, military space forces must be organized, trained, and equipped to perform five Core Competencies: Space Security; Combat Power Projection, Space Mobility and Logistics; Information Mobility; and Space Domain Awareness (SDA). ([Location 198](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=198)) - these Service competencies require specialization in the spacepower disciplines of Orbital Warfare, Space Electromagnetic Warfare, Space Battle Management, Space Access and Sustainment, Military Intelligence, Cyber Operations, and Engineering/Acquisitions. ([Location 213](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=213)) - The proposed doctrine hierarchy for the United States Space Force consists of three levels. There will be a capstone document, under the purview of the Chief of Space Operations (CSO), which articulates the purpose, identity, and values for the Service, DoD, interagency, and Allied communities. The intermediate level of doctrine is operational, providing the organizational support needed for effective military efforts, and further developing doctrine related to the Core Competencies. The final level of doctrine is tactical, which will be referred to as Tactical Standard Operations Procedures (TACSOPs). TACSOPs will codify lessons learned, allowing space force members to apply the various disciplines. ([Location 233](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=233)) - Because objects in space encounter negligible drag, spacecraft can maintain extreme velocity without propulsion, enabling them to complete an Earth orbit in as little as 90 minutes depending on orbital altitude. ([Location 265](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=265)) - signals in the electromagnetic spectrum transmit through the near vacuum of space with little distortion or attenuation, but will decrease in strength over distance due to the inverse square law. ([Location 266](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=266)) - Perspective is another defining attribute of orbital flight. Spacecraft achieve altitudes that provide a perspective beyond the obstruction of Earth and other celestial bodies. ([Location 268](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=268)) - Orbital flight (also referred to as spaceflight) is the act of deliberately manipulating gravitationally curved trajectories in order to transverse beyond Earth’s atmosphere and through space. ([Location 281](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=281)) - suborbital trajectories that travel into space but deliberately reenter the atmosphere before a complete circumnavigation, ([Location 283](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=283)) - geocentric trajectories that remain in space for one or more revolutions around the Earth, ([Location 285](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=285)) - escape trajectories that travel beyond the geocentric regime into the gravitational topology of another celestial body. ([Location 286](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=286)) - all space systems comprise three distinct segments. The orbital segment consists of a spacecraft in orbit beyond Earth’s atmosphere. Depending on the application, spacecraft can be remotely piloted, crewed, or autonomous. The terrestrial segment encompasses all the equipment within the terrestrial domains required to operate or exploit a spacecraft. This includes control stations, antennas, tracking stations, launch sites, launch platforms, and user equipment. The link segment comprises the signals in the electromagnetic spectrum that connect the terrestrial segment and the orbital segment. Uplink signals transmit data from Earth to spacecraft. Downlink signals transmit data from a spacecraft to Earth. Crosslink signals transmit data from one spacecraft to another. ([Location 302](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=302)) - The physical dimension of the space domain encompasses the orbital environment and the spacecraft operating within the domain. ([Location 318](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=318)) - An orbital regime is a region in space associated with a dominant gravitational system capable of capturing the orbit of other objects. ([Location 324](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=324)) - The orbital perspective of military power describes the reach of military operations based on access windows, revisit rate, mission lifespan, survivability relative to threat systems, and the tradeoffs between time, position, and total energy. ([Location 338](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=338)) - The network dimension of space operations allows users to command, control, and exploit space capabilities through a physical and logical architecture that collects, transmits, and processes data around the world and across the domain. ([Location 346](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=346)) - Because of these dependencies, cyberspace operations within this network dimension are a crucial and inescapable component of military space operations and represent the primary linkage to the other warfighting domains. These dependencies can also create avenues of enemy attack that offer lower costs and higher chance of success than orbital warfare within the space domain only. ([Location 348](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=348)) - Links transport data between nodes. ([Location 354](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=354)) - In addition to terrestrial networks, the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) is a vital link for all space architectures. Orbital spacecraft downlink their data, receive commands, and transmit telemetry through the EMS. ([Location 355](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=355)) - The space domain’s cognitive dimension encompasses the perceptions and mental processes of those who transmit, receive, synthesize, analyze, report, decide, and act on information coming from and to the space domain. ([Location 359](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=359)) - Constrained freedom of maneuver is a defining attribute of space operations. Due to orbital mechanics, objects in orbit persist in a state of perpetual motion. ([Location 371](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=371)) - Due to extreme velocities, the amount of energy required to reach a different orbit may be significant enough to render the option unfeasible or impractical. ([Location 373](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=373)) - Spacecraft operating beyond the protection of Earth’s magnetosphere are not impacted by atmospheric drag but are exposed to solar wind. ([Location 380](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=380)) - While solar wind pervades much of the domain, Earth’s magnetosphere traps these charged particles, forming the Van Allen radiation belts. Spacecraft transitioning these regions are further exposed to concentrated levels of charged particles and high-energy radiation. ([Location 382](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=382)) - Without active altitude maintenance, the amount of time required for a circular Earth orbit to decay into the atmosphere can range from days (less than 250 miles), years (less than 300 miles), decades (less than 400 miles), or centuries (greater than 400 miles).[vii] ([Location 387](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=387)) - Access to space is essential to U.S. prosperity and security — it is a national imperative. The many benefits our Nation derives from space include mass communications, financial and economic information networks, public safety, weather monitoring, and military technology. Like any source of national power, the United States must cultivate, develop, and protect these benefits in order to secure continued prosperity. ([Location 411](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=411)) - The term politics refers to the deliberate and interactive pursuit of power in the international system while policy refers to the political aims and objectives of a nation or non-state actor. ([Location 416](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=416)) - Power, by definition, enables influence and control over events, outcomes, and other actors. States pursue power in order to strengthen their ability to achieve strategic objectives. ([Location 419](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=419)) - States leverage instruments of national power in order to exert influence and control in the international system. There are four primary instruments of national power: diplomatic power, information power, military power, and economic power.[ix] ([Location 422](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=422)) - Space exploration strengthens diplomatic power by conferring national prestige and generating opportunities for peaceful multinational cooperation. U.S. space-based remote sensing and communication is an elemental component of the information power required to employ the other instruments of power. ([Location 432](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=432)) - Coherent national spacepower is achieved through unified space action. Unified space action synchronizes all components of national spacepower, achieving unity of effort in support of national interests. ([Location 438](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=438)) - The purpose of military power is to be prepared, and when called upon by the legitimate governing authority, to maximize violence within the constraints and limitations placed upon it.[x] Dr. Everett Carl Dolman Strategy: Context and Adaption from Archidamus to Airpower ([Location 458](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=458)) - The space domain encompasses all of these attributes, making military spacepower a critical manifestation of the high ground in modern warfare. When employed against adversaries, military spacepower has deterrent and coercive capacities—it provides independent options for National and Joint leadership but achieves its greatest potential when integrated with other forms of military power. ([Location 471](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=471)) - War is socially sanctioned violence to achieve a political purpose.[xi] ([Location 479](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=479)) - As Clausewitz said, “War is the continuation of politics by other means.” ([Location 480](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=480)) - The term warfare describes the methods of waging war[xii] ([Location 487](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=487)) - seven Joint functions — command and control, information, intelligence, fires, movement and maneuver, sustainment, and protection — provide a systematic framework for understanding the role space plays in this modern manifestation of warfare. ([Location 515](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=515)) - coercion is the threat or application of force in order to induce an adversary to behave differently than it otherwise would.[xiii] ([Location 533](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=533)) - A strategy of incapacitation seeks to make the enemy helpless to resist by physically destroying adversary military capability.[xv] ([Location 551](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=551)) - A direct approach is rarely the preferred method of achieving victory. Predictable action is easily thwarted. Instead, success in war often depends on finding an indirect approach that forces an opponent into a disadvantaged or vulnerable position. Once such a position is achieved, we can leverage our strength to strike at and exploit our adversary’s weaknesses. This continuous struggle to leverage strength on an opponent’s weaknesses makes deception a cornerstone of any strategy in war. ([Location 557](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=557)) - Military spacepower is the ability to accomplish strategic and military objectives through the control and exploitation of the space domain. ([Location 573](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=573)) - Space is the only physical domain capable of achieving a globally persistent and legal overflight military perspective of any location on the earth. ([Location 578](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=578)) - It is through this denied area access that space-based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) provides the foundational intelligence to analyze adversary capabilities, courses of action and intent in order to deliver predictive intelligence for Space Domain Awareness (SDA), and Joint Force Commanders’ decision-making processes. ([Location 585](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=585)) - Identifying, seizing, exploiting, and protecting valuable physical locations is a critical component of military power in all domains. ([Location 617](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=617)) - Thus, a systematic understanding of lines of communication (LOCs) and key orbital trajectories (KOTs) allows military space forces to grapple with the vastness of the space domain when planning, executing, and assessing spacepower operations. ([Location 619](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=619)) - A LOC is any route that connects employed military forces with a base of operations and along which supplies and military forces move. ([Location 621](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=621)) - Examples of valuable LOCs include spaceport launch trajectories, spacecraft recovery trajectories, minimum energy transfer paths from one orbit to another, and transfer paths from the geocentric regime to the cislunar regime and beyond. ([Location 623](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=623)) - A key orbital trajectory (KOT) is any orbit from which a spacecraft can support users, collect information, defend other assets, or engage the adversary. ([Location 625](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=625)) - KOTs can be defined relative to a celestial body (inertial KOT), relative to an advantageous energy state (energy KOT), or relative to other trajectories  (orbital KOT).  Some examples of an inertial KOT, the most basic form of “key terrain,” are Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium-Earth Orbit (MEO), Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) and sun- synchronous orbits. ([Location 627](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=627)) - The network dimension is not static. Rather, it represents a physical and logical maneuver space. Some examples of tactical maneuvers in this dimension include monitoring and defending software, attacking adversary computer systems, duplicating networks, amplifying signals, shifting frequencies, upgrading encryption, and adjusting data pathways. ([Location 632](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=632)) - Physical or logical attacks against any segment of the network dimension have the potential to isolate a space system from its end user. ([Location 636](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=636)) - The cognitive dimension includes friendly actors, adversaries, and third parties operating at all levels of warfare. ([Location 647](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=647)) - The transfer of electromagnetic energy across a spectrum of different energy states — collectively referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) — impacts all three dimensions of the space domain, defining the very character of space operations. ([Location 653](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=653)) - First, most spacecraft harness naturally occurring electromagnetic energy in order to generate power. ([Location 655](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=655)) - Wireless connectivity through the EMS enables the rapid dissemination of data that in turn impacts the cognitive processes of those who rely on space-derived information to make decisions, generate economic value, or realize a military advantage. ([Location 658](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=658)) - Naturally occurring electromagnetic radiation can pose a tremendous risk to spacecraft electronics. Weaponized directed energy can damage a spacecraft or its payloads. Electromagnetic energy can disrupt or deny EMS links, isolating a spacecraft from operators and users. ([Location 662](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=662)) - Because military spacepower has the potential to be the difference between victory and defeat, it must be viewed with equal importance as military power in any other domain. ([Location 668](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=668)) - First, military space forces Preserve Freedom of Action in the space domain. Second, military space forces strengthen and transform the Lethality and Effectiveness of the Joint Force. Third, military space forces provide U.S. national leadership with Independent Options capable of achieving strategic effects. ([Location 681](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=681)) - Preserving Freedom of Action becomes an operational imperative in peace and war, and space security becomes a critical mission across the conflict continuum. ([Location 692](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=692)) - Space parity describes any condition where no force derives a relative advantage over another at a given time. ([Location 714](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=714)) - Space superiority is a relative degree of control in space of one force over another that would permit the conduct of its operations without prohibitive interference from the adversary while simultaneously denying their opponent freedom of action in the domain at a given time. ([Location 715](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=715)) - Space supremacy implies that one side could conduct operations with relative impunity while denying space domain freedom of action to an adversary. ([Location 717](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=717)) - The ability to control and exploit the space domain is an essential component of modern warfare. Military spacepower allows for the rapid dissemination of information on a global scale. ([Location 729](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=729)) - Therefore, a central tenet of military spacepower is the ability to independently achieve strategic effects. ([Location 741](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=741)) - Military space forces achieve national and military objectives by operating in, from and to the space domain. ([Location 743](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=743)) - The United States Space Force executes five Core Competencies: Space Security; Combat Power Projection; Space Mobility and Logistics; Information Mobility; and Space Domain Awareness. ([Location 771](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=771)) - Space Security establishes and promotes stable conditions for the safe and secure access to space activities for civil, commercial, intelligence community, and multinational partners. ([Location 777](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=777)) - Combat Power Projection integrates defensive and offensive operations to maintain a desired level of freedom of action relative to an adversary. ([Location 779](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=779)) - Space Mobility and Logistics (SML) enables movement and support of military equipment and personnel in the space domain, from the space domain back to Earth, and to the space domain. ([Location 782](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=782)) - Information Mobility provides timely, rapid and reliable collection and transportation of data across the range of military operations in support of tactical, operational, and strategic decision making. ([Location 784](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=784)) - Space Domain Awareness (SDA) encompasses the effective identification, characterization and understanding of any factor associated with the space domain that could affect space operations and thereby impact the security, safety, economy, or environment of our Nation. ([Location 786](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=786)) - U.S. prosperity and economic security increasingly rely on the peaceful use of space. Space Security protects these interests by establishing conditions for the safe and secure access to space for civil, commercial, Intelligence Community (IC), and multinational partners. ([Location 791](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=791)) - Combat Power Projection ensures freedom of action in space for the United States and its Allies and, when necessary to defend against threats, denies an adversary freedom of action in space. ([Location 806](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=806)) - Defensive operations protect and preserve friendly space capabilities before, during, or after an attack. ([Location 813](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=813)) - Passive defense measures include spacecraft maneuverability; self-protection; disaggregation; orbit diversification; large-scale proliferation; communication, transmission, and emissions security; camouflage, concealment, and deception; and system hardening across all three segments of the space architecture.[xxi] ([Location 818](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=818)) - Offensive operations target an adversary’s space and counterspace capabilities, reducing the effectiveness and lethality of adversary forces across all domains.[xxii] ([Location 822](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=822)) - Space Mobility and Logistics (SML) is the movement and support of military equipment and personnel into the space domain, from the space domain back to Earth, and through the space domain. ([Location 833](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=833)) - Orbital sustainment and recovery is another important application of SML. ([Location 840](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=840)) - Already demonstrated in the commercial sector, orbital sustainment will allow military space forces to replenish consumables and expendables on spacecraft that cannot be recovered back to Earth. Orbital sustainment will also enable spacecraft inspection, anomaly resolution, hardware maintenance, and technology upgrades. Orbital recovery allows for the recovery of personnel or military equipment from the space domain. This includes objects such as reusable spacecraft or launch boosters ([Location 840](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=840)) - Information Mobility is the timely, rapid, and reliable collection and transportation of data across the range of military operations in support of tactical, operational, and strategic decision making. ([Location 845](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=845)) - Information Mobility includes point-to-point communications; broadcast communications; long-haul communication links; protected strategic communications; machine-to-machine interfaces; position, navigation and timing; nuclear detonation detection; missile warning; and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. ([Location 847](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=847)) - Space Domain Awareness (SDA) encompasses the effective identification, characterization, and understanding of any factor associated with the space domain that could affect space operations and thereby impacting the security, safety, economy, or environment of our Nation. ([Location 856](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=856)) - In addition to the items listed above, there are two overarching areas that enable the effectiveness of these five Core Competencies: Command and Control, and Stewards of the Domain. ([Location 883](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=883)) - Command and Control (C2) is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander in the accomplishment of a mission.[xxiv] ([Location 890](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=890)) - Overcoming the physical remoteness of space operations requires timely and anticipatory SDA that can only be achieved through a “team-of-teams”[xxv]  approach to C2. Military space forces cannot operate as discrete, isolated units because no single unit possesses a complete operational picture, even for a limited tactical space engagement. ([Location 912](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=912)) - mission command is the conduct of military operations through decentralized execution based on mission-type orders, which enables tactical-level initiative. ([Location 919](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=919)) - Mission command assumes that the unit prosecuting an engagement maintains the greatest localized awareness and is best situated to rapidly identify and exploit opportunities. ([Location 920](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=920)) - By leveraging distributed domain awareness, military space forces are able to recognize, coordinate, and rapidly exploit transitory opportunities. ([Location 937](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=937)) - Such a C2 system is robust because it enables large-scale synchronization while overcoming the fragility and cumbersomeness of centralized and hierarchical management. ([Location 938](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=938)) - When designing missions, training, and performing end of life operations, military space forces should make every effort to promote responsible norms of behavior that perpetuate space as a safe and open environment in accordance with the Laws of Armed Conflict, the Outer Space Treaty, and international law, as well as U.S. Government and DoD policy. ([Location 949](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=949)) - The technology that enables orbital flight can sometimes obscure the most important component of spacepower: our people. Innovation propels spacepower forward; for this attribute, there can be no substitute. ([Location 981](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=981)) - Space professionals defend the Nation’s interests through the control and exploitation of the space domain. ([Location 1010](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1010)) - Innovation seeks a relative advantage over that adversary. Victory and defeat — not system availability — are the most important measures of effectiveness. Military space forces fight through uncertainty in a dynamic environment by seizing the initiative through decentralized execution and the principles of mission command. ([Location 1028](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1028)) - The term space mastery refers to a technical understanding of the physical, network, and cognitive dimensions of space operations. ([Location 1039](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1039)) - The art of space warfare provides insight into the human elements of warfare, including leadership, operational art, uncertainty, emotion, will to fight, adaptation, and cunning. ([Location 1049](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1049)) - Seven Spacepower Disciplines have emerged as necessary components of military spacepower theory: orbital warfare, space electromagnetic warfare, space battle management, space access and sustainment, military intelligence, engineering/acquisition, and cyber operations. ([Location 1052](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1052)) - Orbital Warfare – Knowledge of orbital maneuver as well as offensive and defensive fires to preserve freedom of access to the domain. ([Location 1060](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1060)) - Space Electromagnetic Warfare – Knowledge of spectrum awareness, maneuver within the spectrum, and non-kinetic fires within the spectrum to deny adversary use of vital links. ([Location 1063](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1063)) - Space Battle Management – Knowledge of how to orient to the space domain and skill in making decisions to preserve mission, deny adversary access, and ultimately ensure mission accomplishment. ([Location 1065](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1065)) - Space Access and Sustainment – Knowledge of processes, support, and logistics required to maintain and prolong operations in the space domain.  Ability to resource, apply, and leverage spacepower in, from, and to the space domain. ([Location 1068](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1068)) - Military Intelligence – Knowledge to conduct intelligence-led, threat-focused operations based on the insights. ([Location 1070](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1070)) - Engineering and Acquisition – Knowledge that ensures military spacepower has the best capabilities in the world to defend the space domain. ([Location 1073](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1073)) - Cyber Operations – Knowledge to defend the global networks upon which military spacepower is vitally dependent. ([Location 1076](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1076)) - Ability to employ cyber security and cyber defense of critical space networks and systems. Skill to employ future offensive capabilities. ([Location 1077](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1077)) - The art of warfare is the application of creativity and imagination to military operations. ([Location 1097](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1097)) - of warfare and refine our creative faculties. Military history allows us to learn from the mistakes of others without suffering the consequences of failure. ([Location 1103](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1103)) - Studying the breadth of military history builds an appreciation for the evolution of warfare, from its earliest origins to its modern manifestation. ([Location 1112](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1112)) - Finally, military space forces must study the art of warfare in its political and social context. As an extension of national policy, war can only be understood within the context of the political goals the belligerents aim to achieve and the social environment within which they must operate. ([Location 1124](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1124)) - Leaders must establish and reinforce the purpose and identity of military space forces. In peacetime, these leaders must instill a unique vision, ethos, values, and esprit de corps into assigned personnel and the collective organization. ([Location 1134](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1134)) - Warfighter readiness is the ability of military forces to accomplish assigned missions within acceptable risk. ([Location 1145](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1145)) - Space mastery is the hallmark that distinguishes any leader during mission execution. Every military space leader must be able to make sense of complex scenarios and be capable of distilling complexity into clarity from a remote location. ([Location 1156](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1156)) - Regardless of assignment, rank, or occupational specialty, the touchstones of agility, innovation, and boldness must continually guide our actions. As a lean, mission-focused, digital Service, the United States Space Force must exemplify these traits by relentlessly pursuing new ideas, taking calculated risks, and rapidly learning from failure. Leaders must also value and reward these attributes. ([Location 1168](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1168)) - Empowerment is a key component of agility, innovation, and boldness. Leaders must continually develop and empower teams capable of seizing the initiative, pursuing innovation, and taking responsibility for their actions. ([Location 1171](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1171)) - Periodic failure is acceptable if we are to cultivate agile teams who ceaselessly pursue innovation and the actualization of bold ideas. ([Location 1180](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1180)) - The purpose of military spacepower is to preserve U.S. freedom of action in space, enable Joint Force lethality and effectiveness, and provide national leadership with independent options for generating strategic effects. ([Location 1188](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1188)) - Military space forces must internalize the science and art of space warfare — we must be fluent in Kepler and Clausewitz, Maxwell and Sun Tzu, Goddard and Corbett and Mahan, as well as Newton and Liddell Hart. ([Location 1191](https://readwise.io/to_kindle?action=open&asin=B08FTCFV73&location=1191))